A Reasoned Reconstruction Of The Past - 2140 Words

Often in the general public of readers and audiences, the terms history and memory coalesce and seem to easily flow together when considering historical consciousness of the past, and yes, there is an intertwined relationship between the two. However, there are distinct differences between these two expressions. History can be described as â€Å"a reasoned reconstruction of the past rooted in research.† It can belong to anyone and can be known by anyone, whereas memory is usually passed down and owned by a certain community or group. Memory is also used differently – it can be framed to suit a person or community’s specific ideologies, it can give value, and there can be deeper meanings such as helping one cope with the weight of past in that†¦show more content†¦After the war had occurred, many whites were focusing on healing their broken families, and bringing the American family back together (referring to the North and South), instead of focusing on what the future held for African Americans. Many whites wordlessly agreed that â€Å"healing from the war was simply not the same proposition as doing justice to the four million emancipated slaves and their descendants.† Therefore the Civil War in memory right after the time of the war was devoted to healing the broken families and divided brothers, and the slavery that had started the war was overlooked in most people’s minds. Also in memory, â€Å"Old and New South were romanticized and welcomed back to a new nationalism, and in which devotion alone made everyone right, and no one truly wrong in the remembered Civil War,† to reunite the North with the South. The North decided that they would forgive, and that they would claim no one was â€Å"truly wrong† so that the South would not feel alienated or disrespected, which changed how the war was remembered. While centering in on welcoming the South and trying to eradicate hard feelings, the race and s lavery issues were forgotten from memory. Perhaps people were worried that discussion of those issues would have detracted from reconciliation, so therefore they focused all their energies on one problem so as to give it their fullest attention. Within this nationalism and idealization of

Food Is The Highest Sign Of Igbo Hospitality - 908 Words

Food is main part of our daily lives that brings our families together at least once a day to reconnect. It does not only keep us alive and functioning, but it helps us to learn and immerse ourselves into other cultures. Food can symbolize different things in a certain culture, such as a holiday or a celebration of some sort. An example is that on Jewish Passover each of the foods during the Seder meal have a specific meaning, and is eaten to help with the remembrance of certain events in their cultures history. Food can also show different cultures customs and their perceptions of what good manners are. In the Igbo culture food is mentioned quite often, especially around times of celebration. It brings people together to share one common things, their desire for delicious foods. The different food each have different meanings. Igbo people use their food to show gratitude, hospitality, and to express certain customs. For example, the Kola Nut is the highest sign of Igbo hospitality. But, receiving a Kola Nut was only a privilege for the men of the village, not the women. They would first bless the Kola Nut, then break it, and lastly distribute it. Another food that is mentioned quite a bit throughout Things Fall Apart and that has quite a significance is Palm wine. Palm wine is mostly mentioned whenever one of the main characters has someone inside their home, during times of celebration, and also during the time after Ikemefuna’s death. An example of when palm wine wasShow MoreRelatedFood Is The Highest Sign Of Igbo Hospitality910 Words   |  4 PagesFood is a main part of our daily life that brings our families together at least once a day to reconnect. It does not only keep us alive and functioning, but it helps us to learn and immerse ourselves into other cultures. Food can symbolize different things in a certain culture, such as a holiday or a celebration of some sort. An example is that on Jewish Passover each of the foods during the Seder meal have a specific meaning, and is eaten to help with the remembrance of certain events in theirRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 PagesonaryDictionary of Ònà ¬Ã¯â‚¬ ¬chà   Igbo 2nd edition of the Igbo dictionary, Kay Williamson, Ethiope Press, 1972. Kay Williamson († ) This version prepared and edited by Roger Blench Roger Blench Mallam Dendo 8, Guest Road Cambridge CB1 2AL United Kingdom Voice/ Fax. 0044-(0)1223-560687 Mobile worldwide (00-44)-(0)7967-696804 E-mail R.Blench@odi.org.uk http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm To whom all correspondence should be addressed. This printout: November 16, 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations:Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesin quantity was also a transformation in quality. Migrations were inseparable from unprecedented urbanization and population growth, the expansion of industrial production and global markets, the spread of wage labor, the growth and extraction of food and resources to feed those workers, the revolution of transportation technologies, and the accompanying creation of an international system of nation states, borders, and population management techniques. Cities were the epicenter of this world

Social Media In The Workplace To Communicate †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Using Social Media In The Workplace To Communicate. Answer: Introduction: During age of the latest universal corporate environment the part of social digital media has enhanced radically. In the conventional viewpoint the corporate environment was very steady in characteristics, where the major percentage of the business or corporate regulated in the uniform surroundings. In present situation corporate segment has predicted a huge amount changes with several factors. Global trade across nations has created the greatest advancement in the corporate environment, as the organizations have had to create crucial changes to the structures of organization and the long term goals.Event of globalization has forced the organizations to emphasize on the global market. The organizations now need to establish the capabilities and skills to indulge the significance of the universal customer market. The corporate environment has played a significant role in the trend of promoting universal homogeneous market and cross border business activities have been increased. The management at the several organizations comprehended that there has been existence of different opportunities in the surroundings of the universal business environment (Aral, Dellarocas, Godes, 2013) The corporate management at the different organizations comprehended that their existence various opportunities available in context of the universal business scenario (Crews, Stitt-Gohdes, 2012).The organizations hence shifted their operational activities towards the international boundaries to promote several business benefits. The occurrence of globalization which was commenced by the corporate sector thus permitted the organizations to acquire access to the huge international business environment. In this situation the organizations have had to amend various modifications to their central strategy related to operations. Rather than operating in a similar corporate environment, where the target consumer market is homogeneous in nature, the organizations needed to promote the power of fulfilling the demand of the target markets pertain to diverse background of ethnicity, social cultural. The organizations needed a superior and up to date level of communication with the universal c ustomer market, to enable to positively enhance the revenues. The web based communication channels are significant in the progress and advancement of the corporate entities on the international platform. The organizations need a consistent and reciprocal communication medium via which companies can reach the customers from different sections of the world. The alliance of the social media can be recognized as one of the most significant aspect in the present corporate environment. The organizations have to make sure that they are enabled to focus on the demands of the international business environment promptly react to the current trends. This capability of the organizations to emphasize and react to the current market trend in the target segment would make sure that it is skilled to develop a appropriate competitive advantage. The central business activities such as public relations, marketing, advertising and customer service are relied on the integration of social media inside t he organization (Guffey, Loewy, 2012). The invention of the web based channels of communication has modified the characteristics of the universal consumer market. Overview of Social Media in service sector: Social media implies to the utilization of internet-based technologies and mobile based platform to regulate communication into a mutual conversation. Social media is a category of web-based applications that based on the technological and ideological principles of Web 2.0, and that permit the construction and interchange of user-initiated content. Social media is digital media for interaction socially as a combination post social communication. Enabled by ever present attainable and expansible communication techniques, social media has considerably modified the path corporate, and individuals communicate. Social media employ on many other forms involving weblogs, Internet forums, social blogs, micro-blogging, social bookmarking, video, wiki, podcasting etc. There are mainly 6 types of social media such as collaborative projects (ex: Wikipedia), blogs microblogs ( ex: Twitter), content communities (ex: youtube), social networking sites (ex: Facebook), virtual game worlds (ex: World of Warcraft) and virtual social worlds (ex: Second Life). Technologies in the internet involve picture sharing, blogs, email, instant messaging blogs, picture-sharing, instant messaging, music-sharing, crowd-sourcing and VOIP. Myriad of these services related to social media can be incorporated through social network amalgamated platforms. Social Media Business Model: Influence on the small and medium sized organization for developing advertising and marketing promotion is significant. In the evolution of the social or digital media based corporate or business model the most significant factor can be recognized as customer interconnection for the collective purpose by the small and medium sized company. The small sized companies were skilled to perceive via this media model that the new unique innovation in the area of marketing and advertising can be applied through this social media model. The social media model permits the company to construct a responsive association with the customers. In this observation the customers are given with the chances to communicate with the administration of the organization and offer their suggestions related the several products (Castronovo Huang, 2012). This is a much distinguished capacity from the traditional and regular approach. This business model permits the modern marketers to entirely deploy the advant ages given by the web based communication means. In the regular approach the target markets had a one directional communication with the customers. In this model of communication the consumers were considered as the final goods and services. However, the social media or digital media program can permit the administration of the modern firm organization to consider the customer as a component of the digital marketing method. Utilization of social media for successful employee communication Social media confers the organization with several strategic benefits. The organization can select the several strategies to embrace the social media or digital media platform, to interact with a broad range of the customers. The meaning of social or digital media is provided as the web based platform via which the online customers can share their concept and regulate a virtual or online community. The significant facet for the businessperson to serve in this concern is that online or virtual community promoted by the social or digital media system has alike features as a actual world group (Aral, Dellarocas, Godes, 2013). The only contrast in this online virtual community is no real presence global limitations exist for the virtual users. The single users can precisely use any shape of social media to communicate in a different process. The organizations have to seriously examine the resilience of each social or digital media platform and construct a extensive strategy, which cente rs on a pertinent business agendas. The company cannot search to promote a general strategy of social media, by incorporating any structure of digital or social media tool (Bruhn et Al, 2012). It is significant to review the incisiveness of each and every social or digital media tool in the target consumer market and how this tool can be efficiently make use of the organization. The social or digital media programs are utilized by the individuals to divide a broader scope of digital categories. This platform can be utilized by the virtual or online community to interact in the online or virtual community, conduct podcasts, share photographs, promote blogs share videos and etc. The website development organizations offer the online users with a comprehensive range of social or digital networking processes. These organizations have created unique and innovative corporate business models through which the income are not gained by the straight charges applied on the consumers. These companies ensure that the strength of the organization is developed through the vast amount of traffic base which visits the website. Since the social media websites are present on the online medium, the individuals from the entire global community can visit the website. These companies have developed the volume based approach where the consumers are charged for the various activity based functions. The revenues are attained from the mass volume of the consumers that visit the website. Hence the objective of these companies is to provide the consumers with the greatest level of online social experience. Although the significant websites such as Facebook, YouTube, Blogger, Twitter, Myspace and Flickr; provide a specialized social experience to the online users, they do provide a similar set of functions. The ro le of these websites is to ensure that the individuals from the global community have the ability to community a mass amount of information with each other without any filters. These websites have allowed the overall global population to gain a significant amount of authority and knowledge. The role of the companies has been changed due to the amount of information power which has been provided to the online community. Instead of the companies providing the information to the consumer market, now the role has reversed where the companies have to monitor the activities of the consumers. Hence the customers have the power to discuss the performance of a company (Halme, 2016). Usefulness of Social Media (Source: Andzulis, Panagopoulos, Rapp, 2012) The benefit and privileges that the online community is capable to acquire from the digital media platform is that the exchanging of information appears without any hindrance. This information promotion appears on a universal platform without the experience of any online filters. Hence the customer market of the companies has the power to share a highly diversified amount of data, which has an impact on the demands. The companies have to critically analyse the demands of the consumer market, rather than developing the demands themselves. The ability of the organizations to react to the changes in the consumer market has an impact on their effectiveness in the industry. Social media integration is not only the emphasis on the investment toward technology of the company. Rather it is the capability of the organization to produce the consumers with a greater level of engagement in the utilization process. The organizations need to promote the strategic direction to be capable to cause this adjustment. The organizations have to possess the capability to acknowledge to the modifications which are recommended by the target markets. Social media has created the target to become greatly known of their purchasing power, and the influence of their settlement on the corporate environment (Baruah, 2012). Inventive Social Media Integration for Public Relations Initiatives It can be encouraged through an ideal and unique approach, where the administration in a company can recognize at the distinct paths of retrieving the target consumer market. The advantages in the segment of technology have a prompt impact on the program relevant to social or digital media, and the business sector has to act properly. The firms have to ensure that they are accomplished to yield the target market customers with the total and the present experience relevant to social media. It is also complex for the organization to be able to single out themselves from the other business elements applicable in the market. The ability to begin to the incorporation of digital or social media would provide the company with a necessary strategic advantage or benefits. The blog digital media tool can be attributed as accessible to generic and all social media communication tool, which allows the company to interlink with the target consumers in a very individualized way. The blog is restri cted as digital or social media tool through which the customers can directly focus on their own personal experiences relevant to the company or organization the appropriate goods and services. This tool can be utilized as a promotional tool for advertisement and public relation for the company, as it can impact on views of the target consumers. Since blogs generally filtered by the users from the entire population themselves, they may have a distinct impact on the virtual and online community. The readers or target market of the blog do not affiliate the information, as a marketing ploy by a business entity. The information is considered as a individualized perspective of a general individual. It is the due to this reason that eh blogs have the power to shape the public opinion. The positive reviews showed up by an organization by a reputed blog can have a strategic benefit for the corporate entity (Castronovo, Huang, 2012). In order to attain a positive rev view from the blog th e company cannot rely on the traditional marketing activities. The company has to crucially analyse the objective the blog, and then attempt to create a positive brand image. Even though the blog provides a company with a significant amount of positive publicity, attain the support from an influential blog is a very challenging activity. The management of the corporate entity has to ensure that the employees at the company have the capability to analyse the attributes of the social online community. The company has to realize that the social media platform is not a conventional marketing medium, and hence the traditional marketing and the advertising strategies cannot be applied. The attempt by a corporate entity to apply the conventional marketing efforts through the social media platforms such as blogs can have a detrimental implication. The negative publicity travels faster than the positive reviews, and the company can experience a global level publicity crisis. Just like the po sitive new for a company the negative news also has the capacity to go viral. Hence it is important for the corporate entities to understand the objectives of every social media platform and develop the marketing activities, based on the relevant attributes of the social media tool. The companies present in the contemporary global business environment also have to focus on the development of technology and its impact on the social media platform. The mobility factor is very important for the corporate entities and the relevant marketing activities. The advancements in the smart phones industry have ensured that the individuals present in the global community have an unlimited access to the internet sources. Through the mobile phone devices the people can easily reach their social media communities, and interact with the social circle. The companies must have the capability to move with these dynamic changes in the mobile phone industry (Halme, 2016). The internet access has changed from the predominant laptop and the desktop sector to the high tech smart phone devices. The companies now have to ensure that they can penetrate this segment. Mobile marketing has emerged as a very significant contemporary tool, for the business sector. In the traditional perspective the mobile phone marketing initiatives were only limited to the short messaging based initiatives, however with the increased capabilities of the mobile phone devices, the companies can now conduct public relations activities on these devices. The mobile phones can be used to conduct the online video conferences, with the individuals who are present at various regions of the world. Market penetration is the biggest advantage that the mobile phone marketing initiatives have provided the business community (Halme, 2016). The issues with the conventional marketing mediums were that the corporate sector had to conduct a large scale campaign to reach the relevant consumer market. However with the presence o f the innovative and the high tech mobile phone technology, the modern marketers can simply target the mobile devices which are readily possessed by a significant amount of the global consumer base. Conclusion: Association via social media or digital mode is easier if it is advanced by social media technologies. Such as, employees of different or same location can communication regarding projects utilizing Google Docs. They can co-draft spreadsheets, slides of presentation, more using Google Docs. Social media aids cost effective, uncomplicated, ways to coordinate employees, organizing meetings, regulating information, and benchmark opinion. As more technology appears, there will be superior capacity for organizations to arrange and take part in mutual action in inexpensive way. Social media can be useful for establishing social authority, companies or individual can settle themselves as efficient professionals in their respective fields, and they can start to impact on these sectors. Anyhow with the much great synergy with the consumers, the business encounters of threat of uncovering itself to a great amount of criticism of public. If the organization is not capable to focus and reduce th e issue encountered by the customers in a useful manner, the consumers can generate a negative campaign related to social media. So the organization has to flourish the related organizational capabilities to make sure that integration process of social media is powerful, and the core activities of organization such as marketing, advertising, and customers services can be promoted. References: Andzulis, J. M., Panagopoulos, N. G., Rapp, A. (2012). A review of social media and implications for the sales process. Journal of Personal Selling Sales Management, 32(3), 305-316. Aral, S., Dellarocas, C., Godes, D. (2013). Introduction to the special issuesocial media and business transformation: a framework for research. Information Systems Research, 24(1), 3-13. Baruah, T. D. (2012). Effectiveness of Social Media as a tool of communication and its potential for technology enabled connections: A micro-level study.International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications,2(5), 1-10. Castronovo, C., Huang, L. (2012). Social media in an alternative marketing communication model. Journal of Marketing Development and Competitiveness, 6(1), 117. Crews, T. B., Stitt-Gohdes, W. L. (2012). Incorporating Facebook and Twitter in a service-learning project in a business communication course. Business Communication Quarterly, 75(1), 76-79. Guffey, M. E., Loewy, D. (2012). Essentials of business communication. Cengage Learning. Halme, M. (2016). Corporate reputation in social media-empirical study of consumers' perceptions of Marimekko's corporate reputation based on company and consumer communication on Facebook. Jussila, J. J., Krkkinen, H., Aramo-Immonen, H. (2014). Social media utilization in business-to-business relationships of technology industry firms. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 606-613. Jussila, J. J., Krkkinen, H., Aramo-Immonen, H. (2014). Social media utilization in business-to-business relationships of technology industry firms. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 606-613. Kaplan, A. M. (2012). If you love something, let it go mobile: Mobile marketing and mobile social media 4x4. Business horizons, 55(2), 129-139. Leonardi, P. M., Huysman, M., Steinfield, C. (2013). Enterprise social media: Definition, history, and prospects for the study of social technologies in organizations. Journal of Computer?Mediated Communication, 19(1), 1-19. Lyon, T. P., Montgomery, A. W. (2013). Tweetjacked: The impact of social media on corporate greenwash. Journal of business ethics, 118(4), 747-757. Macnamara, J., Zerfass, A. (2012). Social media communication in organizations: The challenges of balancing openness, strategy, and management. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 6(4), 287-308. Majchrzak, A., Faraj, S., Kane, G. C., Azad, B. (2013). The contradictory influence of social media affordances on online communal knowledge sharing. Journal of Computer?Mediated Communication, 19(1), 38-55. Men, L. R., Tsai, W. H. S. (2015). Infusing social media with humanity: Corporate character, public engagement, and relational outcomes. Public Relations Review, 41(3), 395-403. Ngai, E. W., Tao, S. S., Moon, K. K. (2015). Social media research: Theories, constructs, and conceptual frameworks. International Journal of Information Management, 35(1), 33-44. Rauniar, R., Rawski, G., Yang, J., Johnson, B. (2014). Technology acceptance model (TAM) and social media usage: an empirical study on Facebook.Journal of Enterprise Information Management,27(1), 6-30. Scott, D. M. (2015). The new rules of marketing and PR: How to use social media, online video, mobile applications, blogs, news releases, and viral marketing to reach buyers directly. John Wiley Sons. Spence, P. R., Sellnow-Richmond, D. D., Sellnow, T. L., Lachlan, K. A. (2016). Social media and corporate reputation during crises: the viability of video-sharing websites for providing counter-messages to traditional broadcast news. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 44(3), 199-215. Tiago, M. T. P. M. B., Verssimo, J. M. C. (2014). Digital marketing and social media: Why bother?. Business Horizons, 57(6), 703-708. Treem, J. W., Leonardi, P. M. (2013). Social media use in organizations: Exploring the affordances of visibility, editability, persistence, and association. Annals of the International Communication Association, 36(1), 143-189. Tseng, M. L. (2017). Using social media and qualitative and quantitative information scales to benchmark corporate sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production, 142, 727-738. Vernuccio, M. (2014). Communicating corporate brands through social media: An exploratory study. International Journal of Business Communication, 51(3), 211-233. Wolny, J., Mueller, C. (2013). Analysis of fashion consumers motives to engage in electronic word-of-mouth communication through social media platforms. Journal of Marketing Management, 29(5-6), 562-583.

A Postmodern Paradox free essay sample

A Postmodern Paradox Postmodernism, a paradox in itself, challenges conformity in countless ways. Taking place after World War II, this movement is mainly characterized by its rejection of social constructs and its challenges to traditional forms of philosophy, literature, art, and religious authority. Ironically, while it defied categorizing, it became a category itself. Nevertheless, this movement has had a profound impact on countless literary, cinematographic, art, and philosophic works. Two works that have been profoundly influenced by postmodernism includes Slaughterhouse 5 by Kurt Opponent, and the elm and book The Hours, by Michael Cunningham. While both works have been influenced by modernism in separate ways, they ultimately share its key themes: an abstraction of time, a rejection of reality, and a search for higher purpose. Through the use of postmodernism themes and literary techniques, both the movie and book were able to convey that absolute truth does not exist because it is relative, intricate, and blurred. Occurring in the post-World War II era, postmodernism can be considered an intentional departure from previously dominant modernist approaches such as scientific positivism, realism, constructivism, formalism, and tapestries. Through its emphasis and use of power relations, binary classifications, fragmentation, paradox, dark humor, rejection of reality, sociology, linguistics, and subjectivism it constantly attacks contemporary life, art, literature, philosophy, religion, and ethics. In addition, it is characterized by a rejection of reality, claiming that transmutable validity cannot exist since reality is limited by concepts like time and sexuality. It is able to achieve its unique goals in literature and film through numerous literary devices. In literature, there are several devices frequently used by southernism writers to convey some of the main ideas of the movement. Of these devices the use of fragmenting, dark humor, satire, paradox, allusions, mixed point of view and interruption of form are the most frequently used. These devices allow writers to deal with topics like the absurdity of moral, philosophical, political, and authoritative relativism; in addition, these devices provide for a blurring of classifications and boundaries of societal structuring. Ultimately, postmodernists desire to condemn contemporary life, reject reality, and accept relativity and complexity in indefinite answers. The movement of postmodernism came about through a series of meaner. An important factor that contributed to the development was that it followed World War II. Before the war, modernism dominated the current literature of the time. This movement involved rationalism, reason, the scientific approach, optimism for human potential, and a pursuit of absolutely certain knowledge. However, in the wake of both World Wars, the climate was set for postmodernism as confidence in human progress, autonomy, and optimism were destroyed in battle. This permeating and predominantly pessimistic aura of thinking exulted in a series of books, films, artworks, and musical pieces that rejected reality, worldly concepts like time, renounced identity, and questioned the purpose of life. These themes clearly reflect the toll that war had on society; many people desired to marginality the horrors of war in a rejected reality, ostracize human error through a pitiful purpose of existence through fragmented viewpoints. The wars essentially brought about a pessimistic form of modernism that relished in the repudiation of absolute answers; for postmodernists nothing could ever be easily or fully explained. As postmodernist ideals began to develop and conglomerate they were influenced by countless individuals. One extremely influential individual was Linda Hutchison. Hutchison, who wrote several postmodernist works like A Theory of Parody, expressed a great deal of interest in self-reflexive approaches to texts through parodies that both legitimate and subvert that which it parodies (Introductory Guide to Critical Theory). Hutchison also coined the term historiographer metrification, which describes literary texts that assert an interpretation of the past but are also intensely self- flexi; these texts allow a double process of installing and ironing, parody signals how present representations come from past ones and what ideological consequences derive from both continuity and difference (Introductory Guide to Critical Theory). With historiographer metrification, writers can speak constructively about that past in a way that acknowledges the falsity and violence of the past without isolating the present. Many other writers, artists, composers, and directors have had a significant impact on the evolution of postmodernism as well. Key incepts of postmodernism have also developed and evolved through the influence of society and individuals. For example the term kitsch or stratification, which can be defined as the reduction of aesthetic objects or ideas into easily marketable forms, has a more widely accepted definition adopted by famous postmodern philosopher Jean Baudelaire: The kitsch object is commonly understood as one of that great army of trashy objects, made of plaster of Paris [stuck] or some such imitation material: that gallery of cheap Junk”accessories, folksy knickknacks, souvenirs, emphases or fake African masks”which proliferate everywhere, with a preference for holiday resorts and places of leisure (Consumer Society 109-10). Jean Baudelaire also offered a definition for simulacrum, defining it as Simulation is no longer that of a territory, a referential being, or a substance. It is the generation by models of a real without origin or reality: a hyperbole. It is no longer a question of imitation, nor duplication, nor even parody. It is a question of substituting the signs of the real for the real (The Precession of Simulacra 1-2). Postmodernism, like any literary movement, was molded and defined by society and intellectuals involved in its progression. The profound impact postmodernism had on Kurt Evensongs Slaughterhouse 5, through its use of frame-breaking, criticism of worldly concepts like time and war, exploration or reality and truth, simulacrum, and rejection of reality, satire, allowed for the novel to express its ultimate renunciation of an absolute truth in exchange for intricate and indefinable answers. In addition, it was able to express key concepts of post modernism through its use of postmodern iterate devices; many of these concepts included a search for a higher purpose, a renunciation of social structuring, and a rejection of reality. By expressing these concepts, Opponent follows the postmodernist ideals of historiographer metrification, and questioning the absurdity of contemporary life and conventional viewpoints of society. Frame-breaking, the linkage of separate subplots in a novel to unify the intricacies of an entire plot, contributed to the postmodernist impact on the novel by individuality. Frame-breaking takes place in the novel through the employment of Opponent as three characters of differing importance: the narrator, the protagonist, and a supporting character. Through frame-breaking, Opponent demonstrates that even the recount of a war experience does not hold a simple plot; it consists of a web of intermingled plots, ideas, characters, events, and concepts; this adheres to the postmodernist principle of blurred lines of interpretation and absolute truth. In addition, frame-breaking allows for a loss of identity. The loss of identity occurs when Opponent represents an omniscient force narrating the story as he simultaneously lays protagonist Billy Pilgrim, and a seemingly inconsequential supporting character. Opponent as an omniscient force demonstrates the renunciation of religion in postmodernist ideals; Opponent plays god, yet he is as trivial as any other human being. Furthermore, by telling his own story in the perspective of Billy Pilgrim this demonstrates how war results in a loss of identity, or the adoption of an alias. Rather than personalizing the story in a first person perspective, Opponent distances himself from the horrors of his past. Finally, by including himself as a prison mate in Billy Pilgrims story, this demonstrates how in postmodernism, all identities consolidate; the man that represented god and the protagonist is nevertheless a supporting character in the larger plot of the story. By disparaging his ultimate role in the novel, Opponent demonstrates that people are all essentially equal in life and in death- thus a loss of individualism. Through the use of simulacrum, which involves replacing reality with a representation, Opponent is able to criticize worldly concepts like time and war. For instance, by using the simulacrum of Transformable for Earth, e criticizes the necessity of war. Transformable represents a conglomeration of ideals he believes are optimal in achieving peace. However, instead of directly stating those concepts, Opponent employs a narrative and symbolism; this allows for a rejection of reality while criticizing war. Time is also criticized through a simulacrum of time traveling. Through time traveling the distinctness of years is blurred and time loses meaning as it is muddled together. This criticism of time is a unique postmodernist concept that is closely related to the criticism of social structuring. As postmodernist writer, Opponent denounces the traditional concept of time and replaces it with a web of linked yet intricate events. Simulacrum is also used in the plot of Billy Pilgrims Journey; rather than telling the story in the first person perspective, Opponent ostracizes himself thus criticizing the worldly concept of individualism and identity. Contrastingly, he links all frames of the story in the end of the novel to demonstrate that personal identity is futile when people are all equal in life and in death. In addition the concept of death is abandoned as Opponent accepts omelet equality of the human identity. By employing a plot dedicated to the exploration of reality and truth, Opponent demonstrates that the world according to postmodernists is full of blurred lines, undefined edges, and complex networks of relationships. Not only does the novel in its entirety consist of three convoluted interwoven subplots made up of smaller subplots, but it contains episodes of irrationality and science-fiction. This mixture of reality and science fiction represents a renunciation of reality for a combination of philosophy and fantasy; further mistreating that reality does not exist in a state of definable truth, but in limbo higher purpose is an impossibly multifaceted path that nevertheless ends the same as all others do: everything is connected and personal identity is trivial. The Hours, written by Michael Cunningham and directed by Stephen Deadly, has been manifestly impacted by postmodernism through its use of fragmenting, stratification , satire, and renunciation of worldly concepts like death to express postmodern ideals like a loss of identity or interconnection of all things. Through expressing these ideals, Cunningham was able to reject typical social and literary construct and ultimately convey that answers are not simple or absolute. Frame- breaking is employed in the hours through the eventual amassing of all three subplots within the novel to demonstrate the interconnectedness of all human identities. The novel is formatted in three separate spheres to demonstrate how as humans search their lives for purpose, they are unable to see how individualism and identity are inane. The three plots are eventually connected through death- another worldly concept denounced by postmodernists. Through death, the characters become linked to one another and the reader becomes aware of their unity; this demonstrates how death provides enlightenment and is not solely the end of a life. Additionally, frame-breaking allows the criticism of the concept of time. All three subplots take place in completely different eras, yet they have profound impact on one another despite this detriment; this demonstrates that time is merely a concept, rather than an obstacle, and cannot overcome the unity of humanity identity. Stratification and loss of identity are expressed through a variety of literary devices n The Hours to demonstrate that superficiality and identity are ultimately trivial in life. Stratification most chiefly occurs in the novel and film when the concept of love is reduced to a party and flowers; this becomes a criticism of superficiality upon the death of Richard when the party goes to waste. It signifies that the superficial form of love was powerless and inconsequential to Richards death and that death encompasses all. In addition, both Richard and Virgins death represents a loss of identity in that his life and accomplishment were evidently meaningless to them. In he end, they chose the namelessness of death as their path rather than a quest for a higher purpose or discovery of self-identity. Their deaths are a demonstration of the interconnectedness of life in that both writers commit suicide, creating a full circle to the complex web of relationships. Postmodernism, contradicts itself in its essence. Yet its use of paradoxes, satire, criticisms of the conventional, and quest for answers have had a profound impact on the development of literature, art, and society. While postmodernism will be phase in the history of writing, it will not cease to remind rites to question the norm, look past what is conventional, and defy typical form and construction.